Indian households donate $6 billion yearly to charity, with most going to religion and direct aid, according to a new study.

A new report by Ashoka University’s Centre for Social Impact and Philanthropy reveals that Indian households donate an estimated 540 billion rupees ($6 billion) annually to charity, with religious organizations receiving 40–45% and direct support to beggars and the destitute accounting for 40%. Based on 7,225 surveys across 20 states, the study finds in-kind donations and cash are most common, volunteering is widespread, and giving occurs across all income levels and regions. Despite its informal nature, everyday giving is systematic, culturally embedded, and represents nearly a third of private donations to organized social sectors.