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flag Ghana lost $54.1 billion to trade fraud from 2013–2022, mainly via misinvoicing in gold, cocoa, and oil exports, harming public services.

flag Ghana lost an estimated $54.1 billion to trade-related illicit financial flows between 2013 and 2022, primarily due to trade misinvoicing in key exports like gold, cocoa, and oil, according to a Global Financial Integrity report. flag Nearly 28% of Ghana’s trade value was affected, with $20.5 billion linked to transactions with developed nations. flag These outflows, driven by pricing opacity and weak oversight, hinder public investment, reducing funding for health and education. flag The country ranks third in Africa for such losses, behind South Africa and Nigeria. flag The report urges reforms including digital customs systems, beneficial ownership registries, blockchain verification, and stronger laws to criminalize misinvoicing.

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