India’s gig economy, now 12 million workers, faces income instability; reforms proposed for fair pay and benefits.

India’s gig economy has grown to 12 million workers, or over 2% of the workforce, with projections of reaching 6.7% of non-agricultural jobs by 2029–30, driven by digital payments and smartphone use. Despite rapid expansion, about 40% earn less than ₹15,000 monthly, facing income volatility, limited credit access, and algorithmic control. The 2025–26 Economic Survey recommends minimum pay per task or hour—including waiting time—algorithmic transparency, co-investment in training, and portable social security to improve fairness and worker stability.