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flag Iranian-backed labs in Iraqi Kurdistan produce Captagon and meth, trafficked via porous borders despite Iran’s anti-drug rhetoric.

flag Sulaymaniyah in eastern Iraqi Kurdistan has become a major hub for Iranian synthetic drug trafficking, particularly Captagon and crystal meth, with production and distribution linked to Iranian border provinces and urban labs. flag Despite Iran’s public anti-drug campaigns, including executions, intelligence suggests the IRGC enables trafficking by taxing shipments, funding proxies like Hezbollah and Iraqi militias. flag Methamphetamine often originates from Afghan ephedra, refined in Iran, with porous mountainous borders facilitating movement along the Balkan Route. flag Concerns grow over the IRGC’s potential development of pharmaceutical agents like fentanyl for use as chemical weapons.

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