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flag Antarctic penguin breeding has shifted two weeks earlier due to warming, threatening Adelie and chinstrap penguins with extinction by 2100.

flag Warming in Antarctica is causing Adelie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins to breed two weeks earlier than a decade ago, the fastest known shift in vertebrate breeding timing, owing to a 5.4°F (3°C) temperature increase and reduced sea ice. flag This shift disrupts the timing of food availability, particularly krill, on which Adelie and chinstrap penguins rely, while more adaptable gentoos outperform them. flag Earlier commercial fishing and habitat overlap endanger the survival of more specialized species, with models predicting extinction for Adelie and chinstrap populations by 2100, particularly on the Antarctic Peninsula. flag The findings are based on a study conducted using remote cameras and over 9 million citizen scientist-annotated images from the Penguin Watch project.

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