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flag India has vast rare earth reserves but produces less than 1% globally due to lack of refining and processing infrastructure.

flag India ranks third globally in rare earth reserves with 6.9 million tonnes of rare earth oxide, behind China and Brazil, but produced only 2,900 tonnes in 2024, contributing less than 1% of global output. flag Most reserves are in thorium-containing monazite sands, complicating mining due to regulatory and safety concerns. flag Despite its resource wealth, India lacks domestic refining and processing infrastructure, with China controlling nearly 90% of global refining capacity. flag Historically treated as a by-product by Indian Rare Earths Limited, rare earths have received limited strategic focus. flag A Japan-linked joint venture in Visakhapatnam marks a small advancement, but India remains a minor player in the global rare earth trade due to underdeveloped value chains and execution gaps.

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