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flag Long-term exposure to certain PM2.5 particles increases depression risk in older adults, especially those with health issues, a study of over 23 million people found.

flag Long-term exposure to specific PM2.5 components—sulphate, elemental carbon, and soil dust—is linked to higher depression risk in older adults, especially those with preexisting health conditions, a large study of over 23 million people found. flag These components, mainly from fossil fuel combustion, traffic, and dust, may harm the brain through oxidative stress, inflammation, and metal accumulation. flag The study, published in JAMA Network Open, found their combined effect exceeded that of total PM2.5 alone, suggesting the need for targeted air quality policies to protect vulnerable groups.

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