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flag A new Indian textbook expands on Mahmud of Ghazni’s 11th-century invasions, detailing widespread destruction, looting, and violence.

flag The NCERT Class VII Social Science textbook now includes a six-page section on Mahmud of Ghazni’s 11th-century invasions of India, replacing a brief mention in the previous edition. flag It details his 17 military campaigns, focusing on the destruction of cities like Mathura and Somnath, temple looting, mass killings, and the enslavement of civilians, including children. flag The account highlights widespread violence against Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and rival Muslim groups, citing Persian scholar Abu Rayhn al-Biruni’s observations on the devastation of India’s cultural and scientific achievements. flag It notes the effectiveness of Mahmud’s cavalry and archery tactics despite resistance from rulers like the Chandellas and Pratiharas. flag The expanded content aims to provide a more comprehensive and critical view of the invasions’ historical impact.

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