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flag DNA from 2,000-year-old horse bones shows early East-West contact, predating Zhang Qian’s mission.

flag A DNA study of horse bones from Emperor Wen’s mausoleum in Xi’an reveals two elite male horses with distinct maternal lineages—one from Central Asia (haplogroup G), the other from East Asia (haplogroup Q), indicating early East-West contact over 2,000 years ago, predating Zhang Qian’s mission. flag Buried in pits symbolizing government institutions, the horses were likely military warhorses, reflecting the Han Dynasty’s focus on military strength amid Xiongnu threats. flag The discovery supports the development of advanced horse administration and underscores the symbolic role of horses in Han imperial ideology. flag Excavations since 2017 have uncovered over 30 horse pits, with the mausoleum layout mirroring the capital’s structure, representing a celestial kingdom for the emperor in the afterlife.

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