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flag Ancient DNA from Napoleon's soldiers shows disease, not just cold, caused mass deaths during 1812 retreat.

flag A new study of ancient DNA from 13 soldiers’ teeth in a 2001-discovered mass grave in Vilnius, Lithuania, reveals that infectious diseases played a major role in Napoleon’s 1812 Russian retreat. flag Researchers identified two previously unconfirmed pathogens—paratyphoid fever and relapsing fever—alongside known diseases like typhus and trench fever. flag The findings, made possible by advanced paleogenomic techniques, show that microbial infections, exacerbated by cold, starvation, and poor sanitation, devastated the army. flag The study underscores disease as a decisive factor in one of history’s worst military disasters.

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