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flag U.S. and European allies face major interoperability issues with fighter jets due to variant differences and outdated systems, hindering joint operations.

flag The U.S. and European nations operate similar fighter jets like the F-35 and F-16, but face major interoperability challenges due to variant differences, incompatible support equipment, and inconsistent maintenance procedures. flag A September 2025 Rand Corporation report finds that variations in engines, controls, and oxygen systems—along with some allies still using Soviet-era aircraft—hinder joint maintenance. flag Despite existing cross-servicing, U.S. Agile Combat Employment goals are hampered by limited data sharing, security restrictions, and poor communication among allied forces. flag Rand recommends creating dedicated interoperability units to improve coordination and readiness across the alliance.

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