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flag ADF, exploiting chaos from M23's advance, expanded in DRC, escalating violence and crime.

flag The Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamic State-linked insurgent group in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, has expanded amid military focus on the M23 rebel group, which captured Goma and Bukavu in early 2025. flag Exploiting weakened state control, the ADF shifted from North Kivu to areas like Ituri and Lubero, operating in small, mobile cells that blend into civilian life. flag Despite joint Ugandan-Congolese operations like Operation Shujaa, poor coordination and logistical issues limited progress. flag The group has intensified violence, including a funeral massacre killing over 70 people, and attacks on health facilities. flag It sustains itself through illicit trade in gold, cocoa, and timber, smuggling through Uganda and using informal financial systems like mobile money. flag Extortion, kidnappings, and forced taxation further fuel its operations, enabling resilience despite military pressure.

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