India and Japan sign pact to boost rare earths and battery supply chains, enhancing economic security.

India and Japan have signed a Memorandum of Cooperation to strengthen critical minerals supply chains, part of their broader strategic partnership. They are collaborating on rare earth refining and battery supply chains, including Toyota Tsusho's project in Andhra Pradesh. The partnership aims to establish a stable supply chain and promote economic security in the Indo-Pacific region, reflecting the two countries' shared vision for a rules-based economic order.