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flag South African "zama zamas" mine coal illegally due to poverty, facing dangers in abandoned mines.

flag Artisanal coal miners, known locally as "zama zamas," face dangerous conditions in abandoned South African mines due to poverty and lack of job opportunities. flag Emmanuel Siyabonga, a miner in Ermelo, works with minimal equipment in hazardous environments to provide coal for cooking and heating. flag Despite being essential for local households, these miners are considered criminals by the government and cannot obtain permits, leaving them with no legal means of employment.

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