Study finds higher air pollution exposure for lower-income, minority NYC subway commuters.

New York City subway commuters, particularly from lower-income and minority backgrounds, face higher exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a type of air pollution linked to health complications, according to a study published in PLOS ONE. The research combined data on commuters' routes with PM2.5 concentration levels, finding that Black and Hispanic workers experienced 35% and 23% higher exposure, respectively, than Asian and white workers. The study suggests the disparity may be due to longer subway commutes or limited job opportunities in their neighborhoods.